Hi folks. Thanks again for all of the replies and help.
I was able to fix the main problem with the feed. It was just that the motor direction was reversed. This wasn't obvious because the feed was moving slow and failing to engage (rather than just turning the wrong direction). It seems the feed engagement is dependent on the motor turning the correct way, otherwise the mechanism doesn't fully engage/mesh.
Once that was corrected, I moved onto trying to drain the oil out of the head so I could see about changing the broken bolt...
I looked at the manual and other than it mentioning to check the sight glass on the head for splash from the sump, there was no information on changing or draining the oil in the head. This is where I began to do stupid things and I am worried now that I did some damage. Go easy on me, I already feel very dumb.
I decided to try to take the top cover off the head so I can see how the head is lubricated and where the drain plug is located, etc. This seemed like it would be straightforward, but I think this was a huge mistake. Once I started, I began fighting the main spindle and spindle bearing with some force, and possibly marring the machined surface that seals and seats the head as well as the interface for the shaft and main spindle bearing. Oh no! What have I done? How bad is this and how do I recover (literally and figuratively)?
I am pausing for wisdom. Please have mercy on me as I am already regretting and ashamed of what I have done. The purpose of this stupidity was to try and drain the oil, make a plan for changing my broken bolt, and learn how to re-lubricate the head.