First clean off any burrs in the chuck and spindle, make sure there is no oil on the tapers; I would remove the spindle or the whole quill assembly, invert it on a hard surface on a piece of copper or other soft metal, with the taper facing up, put the chuck on it and give it a good sharp rap to seat it firmly on the taper, I'd suggest inserting a short piece of round stock as big as the chuck will accept and long enough to seat in the chuck and protrude perhaps an inch to hammer on without damaging the face of the chuck. It takes this sort of approach to seat shanks in Jacobs chucks to ensure that they do not fall off.
I bought one Jacobs chuck that had been allowed to slip so much that it would not stay on its shank, the taper on the shank bottomed out in the chuck; I ground off the length of the taper, inserted it in the taper, gave it a suitable whack, and presto, good as new.
The Jacobs tapers are not Morse tapers, they have less taper per foot than Morse.