If it's the Atlas made Craftsman 6" lathe (model 101.07301) the spindle is probably 1" x 8tpi, not the 1"x 10tpi that Atlas used on its 6" lathes. If it's the 1"x 8tpi, the best bang for your buck will be a Taig 3-1/4" chuck that they have
on clearance for $20. They custom made a batch of their typical chucks (for this lathe i think) with this threading and got stuck with them, hence the fire sale price. I have two of them, (a 3 jaw scrolling chuck and a 4 jaw scrolling chuck). They are a bit smaller than the 4" chuck typical to these lathes, but they are excellent quality and work quite well. They come with reversible aluminum soft jaws that bolt to the jaw slides. They grip well, won't mar your work, and can be easily centered or modified for specific work. For what it's worth, they are US made.
Here's the link -
http://www.taigtools.com/accessories.html
part numbers are 1150ATLA and 1160ATLA.
It's a great little company. I have one of their milling machines - quality is excellent. I have no affiliation with them, just a happy repeat customer, and they have a smokin good deal that might suit your needs.
As an aside, i'd hesitate to put a 5" chuck on my 6" C-man / Atlas lathe. It's more heft than the machine was designed around, and there isn't much room for the jaws to extend beyond the outer edge of the chuck. Because of this, you'll probably have about the same capacity with the 5" chuck as you would with the 4" jaw chuck, and spend a good deal more in the process.
Good luck with it all.
paulh