Bear with me I'm very new to this. What is a counter shaft? There is kind of a transmission on the front?
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Lathes with back gear capability basically give you a kind of high and low range for spindle speed. Have a look at the secondary
shaft. On the end is a lever, which should allow you to engage and disengage the gears on that shaft with the gears on the
spindle. Now look at the bull gear (larger gear on the tailstock end of the spindle). On the side is a flat headed pin. By pulling
that pin out or pushing it in, you should be able to disengage or engage the bull gear from the pulleys for the flat belt. In back gear (low range),
the shafts are in mesh and the pin on the bull gear should be out. Power passes through the secondary shaft and back to the
bull gear. With the pin in and the shafts not meshed together, the spindle
should turn faster for a given motor speed since it is in "direct drive".
The gearbox on the front is engaged to turn the shaft that passes through it and runs bellow the edge of the bed. Notice it
passes behind the apron on the carriage. When that shaft is turning, it should be possible to power feed the carriage
towards the headstock. Some lathes also can cross feed under power as well. It looks as though your lathe is missing
some parts, since there should be a gear train that connects the shaft on the gear box with the gears at the outboard
end of the spindle. Without those parts, you won't be able to power feed, but you still can turn parts manually.