I taught an intro machining adult ed class in the spring and got the same question. Here was my response and opinion on the matter:
"There are many brands to choose from for measuring instruments. Generally on the high end of quality tools are: Starrett, Brown and Sharpe, Mitutoyo and Etalon. In the middle of the decent imports are: SPI and less so, Fowler. At the low end are: General, Aerospace and other no-name imports.
If you want to get a dial caliper, and a high-quality one, I suggest Brown and Sharpe (
http://www.use-enco.com/CGI/INSRIT?PMAKA=610-5024&PMPXNO=951993&PARTPG=INLMK32 in a black or silver dial). If you want a decent one, get a SPI (
https://www.mscdirect.com/product/50967157?Arg=nv in almost any color you want). I wouldn't buy a Starrett dial caliper - they are flimsy in my experience. Mitutoyo dial calipers are also decent.
If you want a digital caliper, buy a Mitutoyo (
http://www.use-enco.com/CGI/INSRIT?PARTPG=INLMKD&PMPXNO=2687672&PMAKA=610-0046). No one else really compares to them on digital. If you aren't going to buy the Mitutoyo digital, the SPI digitals are decent.
For vendors, you have the big three: Enco (use-enco.com), MSC Direct (mscdirect.com) and McMaster-Carr (mcmaster.com).
Enco has a terrible website and sometimes limited choices, but great prices and coupons. If you can find the item on Enco, chances are it will be the best price around. They also often have coupon codes for additional discounts.
MSC has a slightly better website and more selection, but higher prices. They have a huge selection of cutting tools.
McMaster has one of the most beautifully designed websites, ever. It is clean and easy to navigate. Their selection of measuring instruments is not great, but for hardware (screws, nuts, springs, etc.) they are the best. Not the greatest prices."