You essentially have a V10-P; the Mentor just meant it came on a stand.
The first thing I would suggest is that you take the gear train out and clean everything in there. Most problems with sticky gear movement is because of crap in the the gear bores or on the shafts. Take it apart, clean and lube everything and that may resolve your issues in the change gear area. I have no idea what that spare bushing is for but it is probably important. Not sure if it is part of the change gear set that was available for your lathe but please don't discard it.
As for the non-turning feed shaft, I suspect the sacrificial shear pin is broken. That would be part 22 in the IPB that I am attaching. You have to remove the drive shaft to access it. The pin is made from aluminum and is meant to shear under excessive loads; please do not use any other material to replace it.
The leadscrew does not turn unless you are cutting threads, in which case you engage it with the threading lever on the headstock. Likewise, the gear at the bottom of the thread dial indicator at the right side of the saddle is pulled away from contact with the leadscrew until you need it for thread cutting; then you lightly engage it by rotating the indicator and locking down the screw that holds it to the saddle. When you engage the half nuts, which is the lever on the front of the saddle that you said you didn't know what it was for, that causes the saddle to move with the leadscrew to cut threads. It is normally not engaged unless you are cutting threads.
I really think you should consider tearing the lathe apart to clean and lube everything. You can do it with the parts manual below. Leave the spindle and headstock alone unless there is a problem but everything else can be taken apart and cleaned out. This will be good for the lathe and good for you because you'll learn a lot about your lathe.
I also suggest you join the Yahoo Emco Larger Lathes group. Lots of info and help there.