I actually missed your first question and responded to your second one. The comparable 10" would be the 10F. However, the parts that you need, motor belt cover, change gear bracket and tailstock, are different between the 10" and 12". So that doesn't help you any.
Before I forget it, the first gear in the change gear train that you complained about the bolt not being the right length to lock it is called the sliding gear for a very good reason. It is supposed to be free to slide. If you could read the settings plate on your QCGB you would probably have figured that out. So put that gear back to the way that it was.
How do you know that your machine is a 101.07403 and not a 101.27440? The only difference between the two is that the former comes with a set of change gears and a left lead screw bearing and without the 101.20140 QCGB. And the latter has only the change gears that are on it and does have a 101.20140. There should be a nameplate on the right end of the bed above the serial number plate.
I recommend that you acquire a replacement change gear bracket instead of trying to make one. And it will have to be the one that goes with the QCGB and not the one normally on a 101.07403.
Your lathe was probably made in 1952 +/- 1.
As to whether or not to buy the tailstock that you found or to wait, you'll have to make that decision. I would remove the handle from the ram lock and also remove the anti-rotate screw and nut from underneath where the ram sticks out of the casting.
In Downloads, there is a PDF showing the chart on the gearbox. I think that it is in the threading section as it was scanned to go with the article telling how to temporarily convert the QCGB models to cut metric threads. The name of the article is something like "A 30 Second Metric Conversion.pdf". But you should keep your eyes open for that plate. Or you might still be able to buy it from Clausing. If they don't have the Craftsman one, ask about the Atlas one.
However, access to Downloads requires Donor status (minimum of $10 for a year) because Downloads is one of the significant monthly costs to keep the site running.