In all my machining experience, I have rarely, if ever, needed to know/understand any more than the basic definitions of sine, cosine, tangent, & cotangent. Machinery's Handbook has a good writeup on the basics of trigonometry as well as several thousand pages of useful information for the amateur and professional machinist.
Another good source is Khan Academy, a free online series of courses on various topics in an easy to understand delivery.
https://www.khanacademy.org/
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/trigonometry
Finally, don't overlook the power of modern parametric CAD. The heart of these programs is an extremely sophisticated mathematics engine. My go-to CAD is SolidWorks and I routinely use it to easily solve complex machining related math problems that would have stumped me fifty years ago as a math major. Other CAD packages offer similar abilities.
For example, if you wanted to find coordinates of the holes on a 10 hole bolt pattern, you could find them with trig ot you could draw out the bolt circle, placing the holes 36º apart. Then just dimension in x and y to get your coordinates. The bonus is you can print out your drawing to take with you to the shop.