I'm planning on making a belt grinder, similar to the one in this picture. I want to know what sizes these square tubings are where I can fit on into a larger tubing
I'm guessing that's a 2X belt, just because of the popularity.
That would make the nesting tubes 2 inch and 1.5 inch.
If you look close, you'll see there's a significant gap. I'm guessing (and proprotionally it looks about right) that they went with a 3/16 wall, leaving (about) an eighth inch clearance.
This stuff is "sized" by it's outside dimension and wall thickness. So the outside dimension minus two wall thicknesses is the inside dimension.
It is NOT precision material. So 2 inch and 1.5 inch with a quarter inch wall will NOT slide together, even if you had zero weld seam. Gotta have some slop there.
Short of specialized (and expensive) material (which IS available), there will be a weld seam. USUALLY, a 3/16 wall on those two sizes slide together pretty OK, but they can interfere slightly. In shorter lengths like that, it is (usually) pretty easy to deal with as it's not much interference.
I "think" I can see it in that picture, although it's been "dressed" but also note that if you're clamping with a knob such as that for positioning, the weld seam on the outside tube, that's on the same side as the knob, pushing the inside tube AWAY from the seam. Leaving it in the other three orientations will be annoying at best, and probably mess with the alignment it were oriented opposite of the screw knob.