Ok Jester!
First of all, I appreciate how brave you are posting your learning stages for all to see, "the good, the bad, the ugly" as you say. Very brave, and unique, and you will probably also be showered with kudos AND advice!
Second, the Atlas 618 is one of my favorite machines ever, and was MY first machine, which was a full restoration as well! I should send you some before and after's of that... I believe I posted them on a thread "See my Atlas Lathe" here on HM.
Second ... AAAAH! NOO! Sorry about your bull gear and backgear. Luckily very "get-able" for your machine, being as common as it is, but sucks you have to replace them! Aaaagh! At least you can do it again now that it is fresh in your mind. I am sure you know the Craftsman version is identical to yours (as regards the parts) but if not, now you do! Hah. Yes, a 1x10 tap is a LOT of force, and those gears are actually not meant to be a spindle lock (as tempting as it is! Believe me, I did it all the time anyway, but it IS a risk). There are other methods for locking the spindle as well, but that will have to be for another posting.
I think you will like single point threading, as much of a learning curve as it can be.
I love the sewing machine motor and speed control. Is it an industrial sewing machine motor? Looks serious. On that note, my first tip. A few times, it sounded like your cuts could benefit from cranking the spindle speed down a bit. The singing sound is chatter- "slow the speed or increase feed".
The two best books in my early hobby-machinist "career" were Sherline's "Tabletop Machining" (my first book that got me hooked on all the rest- I couldn't put it down!), and South Bend's "How to Run a Lathe".
Also, dealing with those carbide boring bars and the "rubbing" is a common issue. The fact it, many of them do not have the proper profile and relief angles for internal lathe work, which require much more relief underneath the cutting surface! Frustrating, correct? You did well changing the angle of the bar.
So tip- you might want to consider a High Speed Steel boring bar, or set. They leave SWEET finish, and are easier to manage. You can hone them to a razor edge, much sharper than carbide. This also reduces cutting forces, and therefore reduces deflection.
Do you have a pretty complete set of gears for your lathe?
Bernie