I use pot collets,too. I have them in 5C type. They run up to 6" diameter. They are most useful for holding ivory lids for little pill boxes,where you want an absolute minimum of loss in the material. I angle the gripping surfaces of the chuck inwards several degrees,and can hold onto a piece of ivory with jaws that are only 1/32" deep.
Of course,most do not have these pot chucks. You can,at the least,put a piece of metal in your lathe,and face it off flat. Then,super glue your thin piece to it. Remove the piece with some careful heat from a gas torch-no need to burn the glue: it will come off and melt with the right amount of heat. Then,soak the rest off in acetone. Slow,but it does work.
Since I sometimes help my wife make master models for her jewelry business,I often have odd shapes you just cannot clamp. I super glue them down on a pre milled block of metal held in the vise in my vertical mill. Than,either pop them loose,or if too thin and delicate,heat the piece loose. Your pre milled gluing surface needs to be pre milled to insure a parallel surface(to the cutting action) to glue the work piece to. Same applies to holding thin work in the lathe. Pre face the holding surface.